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1. 原理与实现

• 模板方法设计模式
  • Template Method Design Pattern
  • Define the skeleton of an algorithm in an operation, deferring some steps to subclasses. Template method lets subclasses redefine certain steps of an algorithm without changing the algorithm’s structure
  • 在一个方法中定义一个算法股价，并将某些步骤推迟到子类当中进行实现，模板方法模式可以让子类在不改变算法整体结构的情况下，重新定义算法中的某些不好走。

实现的基本方式就是设置一个抽象类，对于不想被子类重写的方法可以加上final关键字，其余的可以设置为抽象方法，让子类来实现。

public abstract class AbstractClass {
  public final void templateMethod() {
    //...
    method1();
    //...
    method2();
    //...
  }

  protected abstract void method1();
  protected abstract void method2();
}

public class ConcreteClass1 extends AbstractClass {
  @Override
  protected void method1() {
    //...
  }

  @Override
  protected void method2() {
    //...
  }
}

public class ConcreteClass2 extends AbstractClass {
  @Override
  protected void method1() {
    //...
  }

  @Override
  protected void method2() {
    //...
  }
}

AbstractClass demo = ConcreteClass1();
demo.templateMethod();

2. 功能实现的例子

2.1 以复用为目的

1. InputStream 类的实现

   public abstract class InputStream implements Closeable {
   //…省略其他代码…

   public int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {

    if (b == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException();
    } else if (off < 0 || len < 0 || len > b.length - off) {
      throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
    } else if (len == 0) {
      return 0;
    }
   
    int c = read();
    if (c == -1) {
      return -1;
    }
    b[off] = (byte)c;
   
    int i = 1;
    try {
      for (; i < len ; i++) {
        c = read();
        if (c == -1) {
          break;
        }
        b[off + i] = (byte)c;
      }
    } catch (IOException ee) {
    }
    return i;

   }

   // 在这里定义了一个可以供子类实现的抽象方法
   public abstract int read() throws IOException;
   }

   public class ByteArrayInputStream extends InputStream {
   //…省略其他代码…

   @Override
   public synchronized int read() {

    return (pos < count) ? (buf[pos++] & 0xff) : -1;

   }
   }

2. AbstractList的实现

public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
    rangeCheckForAdd(index);
    boolean modified = false;
    for (E e : c) {
        add(index++, e);
        modified = true;
    }
    return modified;
}

public void add(int index, E element) {
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}

2.2 以扩展为目的

1. Java Servlet

抛开框架直接使用Servlet做开发的话，Servlet在接收到请求之后，会根据URL和Servlet的映射关系，找到对应的Servlet，然后来执行它的service()方法。service方法定义在父类HttpServelet当中，会调用doGet()还有doPost()方法。

为了实现上述的整个流程，我们需要继承HttpServlet，重新实现我们自己的doGet()以及doPost()方法。

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
  @Override
  protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    this.doPost(req, resp);
  }

  @Override
  protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    resp.getWriter().write("Hello World.");
  }
}

// 存储映射关系的xml，也可以使用annotation来实现映射
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.xzg.cd.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>


public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)
    throws ServletException, IOException
{
    HttpServletRequest  request;
    HttpServletResponse response;
    if (!(req instanceof HttpServletRequest &&
            res instanceof HttpServletResponse)) {
        throw new ServletException("non-HTTP request or response");
    }
    request = (HttpServletRequest) req;
    response = (HttpServletResponse) res;
    service(request, response);
}

protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
    throws ServletException, IOException
{
    String method = req.getMethod();
    if (method.equals(METHOD_GET)) {
        long lastModified = getLastModified(req);
        if (lastModified == -1) {
            // servlet doesn't support if-modified-since, no reason
            // to go through further expensive logic
            doGet(req, resp);
        } else {
            long ifModifiedSince = req.getDateHeader(HEADER_IFMODSINCE);
            if (ifModifiedSince < lastModified) {
                // If the servlet mod time is later, call doGet()
                // Round down to the nearest second for a proper compare
                // A ifModifiedSince of -1 will always be less
                maybeSetLastModified(resp, lastModified);
                doGet(req, resp);
            } else {
                resp.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_MODIFIED);
            }
        }
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_HEAD)) {
        long lastModified = getLastModified(req);
        maybeSetLastModified(resp, lastModified);
        doHead(req, resp);
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_POST)) {
        doPost(req, resp);
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_PUT)) {
        doPut(req, resp);
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_DELETE)) {
        doDelete(req, resp);
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_OPTIONS)) {
        doOptions(req,resp);
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_TRACE)) {
        doTrace(req,resp);
    } else {
        String errMsg = lStrings.getString("http.method_not_implemented");
        Object[] errArgs = new Object[1];
        errArgs[0] = method;
        errMsg = MessageFormat.format(errMsg, errArgs);
        resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, errMsg);
    }
}

2. JUnit TestCase

Junit定义的功能扩展点为：

• setUp()
• tearDown()
• etc.

写的测试类都是继承框架提供的testCase类，在这个类当中，runBare()函数是模板方法，定义了执行测试用例的整体流程:先执行setUp()做准备工作，然后执行runTest()运行真正的测试代码，最后执行tearDown()做扫尾工作。

public abstract class TestCase extends Assert implements Test {
  public void runBare() throws Throwable {
    Throwable exception = null;
    setUp();
    try {
      runTest();
    } catch (Throwable running) {
      exception = running;
    } finally {
      try {
        tearDown();
      } catch (Throwable tearingDown) {
        if (exception == null) exception = tearingDown;
      }
    }
    if (exception != null) throw exception;
  }

  /**
  * Sets up the fixture, for example, open a network connection.
  * This method is called before a test is executed.
  */
  protected void setUp() throws Exception {
  }

  /**
  * Tears down the fixture, for example, close a network connection.
  * This method is called after a test is executed.
  */
  protected void tearDown() throws Exception {
  }
}

2.3 模板模式对比Callback函数

回调函数可以起到和模板模式相同的作用，回调是一种双向调用关系

A 类事先注册某个函数 F 到 B 类，A 类在调用 B 类的 P 函数的时候，B 类反过来调用 A 类注册给它的 F 函数。这里的 F 函数就是“回调函数”。A 调用 B，B 反过来又调用 A，这种调用机制就叫作“回调”。

回调分为同步回调和异步回调，同步回调指函数返回之前执行回调函数；异步回调指函数返回之后执行回调函数。

public interface ICallback {
  void methodToCallback();
}

public class BClass {
  public void process(ICallback callback) {
    //...
    callback.methodToCallback();
    //...
  }
}

public class AClass {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    BClass b = new BClass();
    b.process(new ICallback() { //回调对象
      @Override
      public void methodToCallback() {
        System.out.println("Call back me.");
      }
    });
  }
}

• 使用Callback函数实现的JDBCTemplate

@Override
public <T> List<T> query(String sql, RowMapper<T> rowMapper) throws DataAccessException {
 return query(sql, new RowMapperResultSetExtractor<T>(rowMapper));
}

@Override
public <T> T query(final String sql, final ResultSetExtractor<T> rse) throws DataAccessException {
 Assert.notNull(sql, "SQL must not be null");
 Assert.notNull(rse, "ResultSetExtractor must not be null");
 if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
  logger.debug("Executing SQL query [" + sql + "]");
 }

 class QueryStatementCallback implements StatementCallback<T>, SqlProvider {
  @Override
  public T doInStatement(Statement stmt) throws SQLException {
   ResultSet rs = null;
   try {
    rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
    ResultSet rsToUse = rs;
    if (nativeJdbcExtractor != null) {
     rsToUse = nativeJdbcExtractor.getNativeResultSet(rs);
    }
    return rse.extractData(rsToUse);
   }
   finally {
    JdbcUtils.closeResultSet(rs);
   }
  }
  @Override
  public String getSql() {
   return sql;
  }
 }

 return execute(new QueryStatementCallback());
}

@Override
public <T> T execute(StatementCallback<T> action) throws DataAccessException {
 Assert.notNull(action, "Callback object must not be null");

 Connection con = DataSourceUtils.getConnection(getDataSource());
 Statement stmt = null;
 try {
  Connection conToUse = con;
  if (this.nativeJdbcExtractor != null &&
    this.nativeJdbcExtractor.isNativeConnectionNecessaryForNativeStatements()) {
   conToUse = this.nativeJdbcExtractor.getNativeConnection(con);
  }
  stmt = conToUse.createStatement();
  applyStatementSettings(stmt);
  Statement stmtToUse = stmt;
  if (this.nativeJdbcExtractor != null) {
   stmtToUse = this.nativeJdbcExtractor.getNativeStatement(stmt);
  }
  T result = action.doInStatement(stmtToUse);
  handleWarnings(stmt);
  return result;
 }
 catch (SQLException ex) {
  // Release Connection early, to avoid potential connection pool deadlock
  // in the case when the exception translator hasn't been initialized yet.
  JdbcUtils.closeStatement(stmt);
  stmt = null;
  DataSourceUtils.releaseConnection(con, getDataSource());
  con = null;
  throw getExceptionTranslator().translate("StatementCallback", getSql(action), ex);
 }
 finally {
  JdbcUtils.closeStatement(stmt);
  DataSourceUtils.releaseConnection(con, getDataSource());
 }
}

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